爵士舞的发展史
The roots of jazz(爵士起源)
The folk songs and plantation dance music of black Americans contributed much to early jazz. These forms of music occurred throughout the Southern United States during the late 1800's.
Ragtime, a musical style that influenced early jazz, emerged from the St. Louis, Mo., area in the late 1890's. It quickly became the most popular music style in the United States. Ragtime was an energetic and syncopated variety of music, primarily for the piano, that emphasized formal composition.
The blues is a form of music that has always been an important part of jazz. The blues was especially widespread in the American South. Its mournful scale and simple repeated harmonies helped shape the character of jazz. Jazz instrumentalists have long exploited the blues as a vehicle for improvisation.
Early jazz.(早期爵士)
Fully developed jazz music probably originated in New Orleans at the beginning of the 1900's. New Orleans style jazz emerged from the city's own musical traditions of band music for black funeral processions and street parades. Today, this type of jazz is sometimes called classic jazz, traditional jazz, or Dixieland jazz. New Orleans was the musical home of the first notable players and composers of jazz, including cornetists Buddy Bolden and King Oliver, cornetist and trumpeter Louis Armstrong, saxophonist and clarinetist Sidney Bechet, and pianist Jelly Roll Morton.
Jazz soon spread from New Orleans to other parts of the country. Fate Marable led a New Orleans band that played on riverboats traveling up and down the Mississippi River. King Oliver migrated to Chicago, and Jelly Roll Morton performed throughout the United States. Five white musicians formed a band in New Orleans, played in Chicago, and traveled to New York City, calling themselves the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (the spelling was soon changed to "Jazz"). This group made the earliest jazz phonograph recordings in 1917. Mamie Smith recorded "Crazy Blues" in 1920, and recordings of ragtime, blues, and jazz of various kinds soon popularized the music to a large and eager public.
The 1920's(20世纪20年代的爵士)
The 1920's have been called the golden age of jazz or the jazz age. Commercial radio stations, which first appeared in the 1920's, featured live performances by the growing number of jazz musicians. New Orleans; Memphis; St. Louis; Kansas City, Missouri; Chicago; Detroit; and New York City were all important centers of jazz.
A group of Midwest youths, many from Chicago's Austin High School, developed a type of improvisation and arrangement that became known as "Chicago style" jazz. These musicians included trumpeters Jimmy McPartland and Muggsy Spanier; cornetist Bix Beiderbecke; clarinetists Frank Teschemacher, Pee Wee Russell, Mezz Mezzrow, and Benny Goodman; saxophonists Frankie Trumbauer and Bud Freeman; drummers Dave Tough, George Wettling, and Gene Krupa; and guitarist Eddie Condon. They played harmonically inventive music, and the technical ability of some of the players, especially Goodman, was at a higher level than that of many earlier performers.
In New York City, James P. Johnson popularized a new musical style from ragtime called stride piano. In stride piano, the left hand plays alternating single notes and chords that move up and down the scale while the right hand plays solo melodies, accompanying rhythms, and interesting chordal passages. Johnson strongly influenced other jazz pianists, notably Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, Fats Waller, and Teddy Wilson.
Fletcher Henderson was the first major figure in big band jazz. In 1923, he became the first leader to organize a jazz band into sections of brass, reed, and rhythm instruments. His arranger, Don Redman, was the first to master the technique of scoring music for big bands. Various Henderson bands of the 1920's and 1930's included such great jazz instrumentalists as Louis Armstrong and saxophonists Benny Carter and Coleman Hawkins.
Armstrong made some of his most famous recordings with his own Hot Five and Hot Seven combos from 1925 to 1928. These recordings rank among the masterpieces of jazz, along with his duo recordings of the same period with pianist Earl "Fatha" Hines. Armstrong also became the first well-known male jazz singer, and popularized scat singing-that is, wordless syllables sung in an instrumental manner.
During the late 1920's and early 1930's, jazz advanced from relatively simple music played by performers who often could not read music to a more complex and sophisticated form. Among the musicians who brought about this change were saxophonists Benny Carter, Coleman Hawkins, and Johnny Hodges; the team of violinist Joe Venuti and guitarist Eddie Lang; and pianist Art Tatum. Many people consider Tatum the most inspired and technically gifted improviser in jazz history.
爵士乐(Jazz)，一种起源于非洲的音乐形式，由民歌发展而来。爵士乐以多种形式呈现出繁荣景象，其乐曲风格极其耀眼，节奏一般以鲜明，强烈为主，从根源布鲁斯、拉格泰姆(Ragtime)，经过新奥尔良爵士乐到Dixieland爵士乐、摇摆乐、主流爵士、比波普、现代爵士到自由爵士及电子爵士。爵士乐相较于其它音乐，其自身有很多独特之处：
爵士乐常用乐器1）即兴演奏或者是演唱
2）运用布鲁斯音阶
3）爵士乐节奏的极其复杂性
4）独有的爵士和弦
5）独特的音色运用
乐队的编制很灵活，最基本的是两个部分——节奏组与旋律组。在早期的爵士乐队中，节奏组由低音号、班卓琴和鼓组成，后来，低音号和班卓琴逐渐被低音提琴和吉他所取代，钢琴也加入进来。在30年代，兴起一种舞曲乐队，当时称为“大乐队”，它有三部分组成：节奏组、铜管组和木管组。节奏组使用的乐器仍然是低音提琴、吉他、钢琴和鼓；铜管组常见的编制是三支小号和两支长号，但这个数目并不固定；木管组通常由四五支萨克斯管组成，每个人都兼吹单簧管或是别的木管乐器，如果编制是五支萨克斯管，一般是两支中音、两支次中音、一支上低音 爵士乐艺术特色3。还有一种商业性的（有时也称为“甜美型”、“旅馆型”等等）的乐队，编制与“大乐队”差不多，但萨克斯管往往全部用次中音的，木管组会较多地使用其它的乐器（如长笛、双簧管），有时还加上三四个小提琴，在商品录音带中经常可以听到这类乐队的音响。
与传统音乐比较而言，爵士乐的另一大特征是它的发音方法和音色，无论是乐器还是人声，这些特征都足以使人们绝不会将它们与任何传统音乐的音色混淆。这些特殊之处大多来源于用乐器或人声对美洲黑人民歌的模仿。如果我们有机会听到真正的黑人田间歌曲和灵歌，就会发现那些由粗嘎到圆滑、由窒闷到响亮、由刺耳到柔美、由野蛮到抒情的大幅度的变化是多么地富有特色、动人心魄。
1.Misty(Carmen McRae and the Shirley Horn Trio)
伤感(卡门麦卡雷和赦莉·霍恩)
2.Almost Blue (Chet Baker)
蓝色迷情 (查特贝克)
3.I′m just a lucky so and so (Duke Ellington and his Orchestra)
幸运儿 (艾灵顿公爵和他的乐队)
4.Lady day and coltrane (Gil Scott Heron)
生活(吉尔史考特海伦)
5.Any old time (Artie Shaw and his Orchestra with Billie Holiday)
旧时光(阿蒂·萧、他的乐队和比莉哈乐黛)
6.I cried for you (John Pizzarelli)
为你哭泣(约翰 披萨瑞里)
7.I′m gonna sit right down and write myself a letter (Fats Waller)
写给自己的信(胖子沃勒)
8.Jeepers creepers (Ethel Waters with Edward Mallory and his Orchestra )
神圣的爬行族(伊瑟．华特斯和他的乐队)
9.I′ve got the world on a string (Louis Armstrong and his Orchestra)
享有世界(路易丝阿姆斯特朗和他的乐队)
10.On the sunny side of the street (Lionel Hampton)
阳光大道(莱尼尔o汉普顿)
11.This love of mine(Tommy Dorsey and Frank Sinatra)
阳光爱情(汤米·道尔西和法兰克·幸那屈)
12.Georgia on my mind (Hoagy Carmichael)
我的乔治娅 (豪奇·卡迈克)
13.How long has this been going on(Lena Horne)
有多久(莉娜·霍恩)
14.A man ain′t a man (Louis Jordan)
真男人(路易斯·乔丹)
15.East of the sun (Lee Wiley)
日出东方(李．葳莉)
16.More than you know (Jimmy Rushing)
意料之外(吉米路辛)
17.It kon′t mean a thing (Cleo Laine)
不值一提(克莉欧莲恩)
18.So relax( Leon Redbone)
休闲时刻 (蓝蒙.瑞博)
19.Black,Nile (Vanessa Rubin)
黑色尼罗河(瓦妮莎·鲁宾)
20.I sing the blues (Helen Humes)
忧郁咏叹调(海伦*汉穆斯)