Every February 14, across the United States and in other places around the world, candy, flowers and gifts are exchanged between loved ones, all in the name of St. Valentine. But who is this mysterious saint, and where did these traditions e from? Find out about the history of this centuries-old holiday, from ancient Roman rituals to the customs of Victorian England.
每年2月14日，在美国和全世界其他地方，爱人们都会以圣瓦伦丁的名义互赠糖果、鲜花和礼物。但是这个神秘的圣人到底是谁？这些习俗又是从哪儿冒出来的？本文从古罗马礼仪探索到了英国维多利亚女王时代的习俗，寻找到了关于这个古老节日的历史。
The Legend of St. Valentine
一、圣人瓦伦丁的传说。
The history of Valentine’s Day–and the story of its patron saint–is shrouded in mystery. We do know that February has long been celebrated as a month of romance, and that St. Valentine’s Day, as we know it today, contains vestiges of both Christian and ancient Roman tradition. But who was Saint Valentine, and how did he bee associated with this ancient rite?
情人节的历史、以及其背后那位圣人的故事一直迷雾重重。我们知道二月份一直都是一个庆祝爱情的月份，而情人节，正如我们今天所知道的，包含了基督教和古罗马传统两者的痕迹。但是圣瓦伦丁究竟是谁？他是怎么和这个古老节日联系在一起的？
The Catholic Church recognizes at least three different saints named Valentine or Valentinus, all of whom were martyred. One legend contends that Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree, defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When Valentine’s actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death.
今天，罗马天主教认为至少有三个叫做瓦伦丁或者瓦伦丁诺斯的圣徒为教义献身了。有一个传说认为瓦伦丁是公元三世纪一名罗马牧师。当时罗马皇帝克劳狄二世禁止年轻男子结婚，因为他认为未婚男子可以成为比有家室男子更加优良的士兵。瓦伦丁意识到了这项法令的不公，于是违反克劳狄二世的命令，继续秘密地为年轻情侣主持婚礼。当瓦伦丁的行为被发现之后，克劳狄二世下令将他处死。
Origins of Valentine’s Day: A Pagan Festival in February
二、情人节的起源：一个2月份的异教徒节日。
While some believe that Valentine’s Day is celebrated in the middle of February to memorate the anniversary of Valentine’s death or burial–which probably occurred around A.D. 270–others claim that the Christian church may have decided to place St. Valentine’s feast day in the middle of February in an effort to “Christianize” the pagan celebration of Lupercalia. Celebrated at the ides of February, or February 15, Lupercalia was a fertility festival dedicated to Faunus, the Roman god of agriculture, as well as to the Roman founders Romulus and Remus.
虽然有人认为2月中旬庆祝情人节是为了纪念瓦伦丁的死或他的葬礼（这大约发生在公元270年左右），但是其他人则表示说这是基督教会有意将圣瓦伦丁的节日安排在2月中旬，目的是为了把异教徒的牧神节“基督教化”。牧神节是一个古罗马生育节，每年2月15日举行，人们会在这一天献祭罗马农神福纳斯、以及罗马的建立者罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯。
To begin the festival, members of the Luperci, an order of Roman priests, would gather at a sacred cave where the infants Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, were believed to have been cared for by a she-wolf or lupa. The priests would sacrifice a goat, for fertility, and a dog, for purification. They would then strip the goat’s hide into strips, dip them into the sacrificial blood and take to the streets, gently slapping both women and crop fields with the goat hide. Far from being fearful, Roman women weled the touch of the hides because it was believed to make them more fertile in the ing year. Later in the day, according to legend, all the young women in the city would place their names in a big urn. The city’s bachelors would each choose a name and bee paired for the year with his chosen woman. These matches often ended in marriage.
在庆典开始时，参加牧神节的人们会受罗马祭司命令，聚集在一个神圣的山洞里，人们认为罗马的建立者罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯就是在这个山洞里被一只母狼养大的。祭司会献祭一只山羊祈求生育，献祭一条狗祈求涤罪。然后他们会把山羊皮切成条，蘸上祭品的鲜血后走上街头，用带血的羊皮轻轻拍打妇女和农田。罗马妇女们非但不害怕，还非常欢迎人们用羊皮打自己，因为人们认为这会让妇女们来年更能生育。据传说，在那一天晚些时候，城市里所有年轻女性都会把她们的名字放到一个大瓮里。城里的单身汉们每个人都会选一个名字，和挑到名字的女人成为一年的伴侣。配对的人往往最后都会结婚。
Valentine’s Day: A Day of Romance
三、情人节：一个浪漫的节日。
Lupercalia survived the initial rise of Christianity but was outlawed—as it was deemed “un-Christian”–at the end of the 5th century, when Pope Gelasius declared February 14 St. Valentine’s Day. It was not until much later, however, that the day became definitively associated with love. During the Middle Ages, it was monly believed in France and England that February 14 was the beginning of birds’ mating season, which added to the idea that the middle of Valentine’s Day should be a day for romance.
基督教刚刚兴起时牧神节还得以保留了下来，但是在公元5世纪末牧神节被宣布为非法（牧神节被视为“非基督徒”节日），当时教皇拉西厄斯宣布2月14日为圣瓦伦丁节。但是后来隔了不久，这个节日和爱情联系了起来。在中世纪，人们普遍认为法国和英国鸟儿交配季从2月14日开始，这也增强了人们有关圣瓦伦丁节应该是一个有关爱情的节日这一想法。
Typical Valentine’s Day Greetings
四、经典的情人节问候。
In addition to the United States, Valentine’s Day is celebrated in Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, France and Australia. In Great Britain, Valentine’s Day began to be popularly celebrated around the 17th century. By the middle of the 18th, it was mon for friends and lovers of all social classes to exchange *** all tokens of affection or handwritten notes, and by 1900 printed cards began to replace written letters due to improvements in printing technology. Ready-made cards were an easy way for people to express their emotions in a time when direct expression of one’s feelings was discouraged. Cheaper postage rates also contributed to an increase in the popularity of sending Valentine’s Day greetings.
除了美国之外，加拿大、墨西哥、英国、法国和澳大利亚也会庆祝情人节。在英国，情人节在17世纪开始流行开来。到18世纪中期，各个阶层的朋友和爱人们互赠一些爱情信物和手写的便条已经很常见了。而到了20世纪，由于印刷技术的进步，印刷出来的卡片取代了手写的信件。在那个不提倡直接表达自己感情的年代，现成的卡片就成了人们表达自己情感的一种简单方法。而更加便宜的邮费也有助于情人节贺卡的普及。
都说钱不是万能的，但是没钱却是玩玩不能，下面是我为大家整理的一些关于钱的英文单词，希望对大家有帮助。
关于钱的英文单词
1. blood money 抚恤金
2. boot money 企业赞助体育的钱
3. bad money 无利可图的钱
4. bank money 银行票据
5. call money 活期存款
6. cheap money 低息借款
7. dear money 高息借款
8. dark money 加班费
9. earnest money 定金
10. fairy money 捡的钱
11. folding money 纸币
12. front money 预会金
13. glove money 贿赂
14. good money 有利可图的钱
15. hard money 价格比较稳定的钱(例如人民币，在亚洲经济中的作用)
16. hot money 短期流动资金
17. hush money 赌别人嘴的钱
18. pill money 零花钱(pocket money/pin money)
19. push money 提成
20. ready money 现金
21. seed money 本钱，本金
22. silly money 来路不明的钱
23. smart money 了解内情的人
24. table money 餐费
25. tall money 大笔的财富
26. trust money 委托金
各种钱的英语表达admission (n。)指入场费。
如：admission by ticket only凭票入场
he gained admission into the association. 他获准加入军个协会。
you have to pay rmb10.0 admission. 你须付10元人民币入场费。
charge (n。)?原价、要价?，?记在帐上?。常与for连用，不及物动词，为?收取费用。
常用复数，主要用于一次性劳务所收取的费用，如服务费、行李超重费、旅馆费等等。
如：what are the charges in the hotel? 这家旅馆收费多少?
charge now,pay later。现在先记在帐上，以后付款。
they do not charge at all for their services。他们的服务是免费的。
cost (n。)本义为?成本?、?原价?。
常常用来表示对已取得的货物或劳务所支付的费用。
如：the cost of seeing a movie is seven dollars。看一场**要花七美元。
at last i bought the film rights of a novel at a moderate cost。
最终我以适中的价格买下了把小说改编成**的版权。
fare (n。)票价，指旅客乘公共汽车、出租车、火车、轮船、飞机等所支付的费用。
如：all fares, please. (公共汽车售票员用语)请买票。
a single fare is 170 dollars。单程票价为170美元。
fee (n。)酬金，医生、律师或 其它 专门职业的佣金及会费、手续费、停车费等。
如：my lawyer's hourly fee is 130 dollars. 我的律师的佣金是每小时130美元。
does your school charge school fees?你们学校收费吗?
freight (n。)运费，指海运、空运、陆运的费用。
如：who will pay the freight on this order? 谁支付这批定货的运费?
railway freight 铁路运价
postage (n。)指邮费。
如：how much postage do i need to send this package?寄这个包裹须付多少钱?
price1, postage included。包括邮资在内，价款1英镑。
the postage will be extra. 邮资另付。
rent (n. )土地、建筑物、房舍、机器等定期的租费。
如：the student owed three months?rent for my house。那学生欠我三个月的房租。
rent assistance。租金援助。
i have rented a house and paid the rent。我已租了房子， 并交了租金。
tip (n。)小费。
如：i gave my barber a fat tip. 我给理发师优厚的小费。
did you tip the waiter? 你给那侍者小费没有?
i tipped the porter 50p。我给了搬运工人50便士小费。
toll (n。)道路、桥梁、港口、市场的捐税、通行费及电话费等。
如：this month i had to pay 200 yuan toll call。这个月我要缴200元的电话费。
a man collected tolls at the gateway。一个人在大门口收通行费。
tuition (n。)学费。
如：john took out a loan to pay his tuition。约翰贷款交付学费。
emily's yearly tuition is rmb7000. emily一年的学费是7000人民币。
关于金钱的英文阅读：数钱使人更快乐We all know money buys luxuries like sports cars and Manolo Blahniks, necessities like groceries, and intangibles like preferential treatment. Now there is evidence that just counting money can produce valuable psychological benefits. According to a new study published in the journal Psychological Science, thumbing through your cash can reduce emotional and physical pain as well as increase feelings of internal strength, fearlessness and confidence.
众所周知，钱可以买到跑车和莫诺罗?布拉尼克斯牌女鞋这样 的奢侈品,也可以买到食品等必需品，以及优惠待遇一类的无形资 产。现在,有充分证据表明,数钱对心理有裨益。根据发表在《心理科 学》杂志上的一项新研究，数钱能减少心理和生理疼痛,也能增加内 在动力、无畏感和信心。
Focusing on the symbolic power of money, the study?s authors, Xinyue Zhou of Sun Yat-Sen University, Kathleen Vohs of the University of Minnesota and Roy Baumeister of Florida State University, started with a simple hypothesis: reminders of money can alter how people experience social interactions-especially social acceptance and rejection.
此项研究的发起人?中山大学的周欣悦,明尼苏达大学的凯瑟琳佛贺斯及佛罗里达州立大学的罗伊?鲍迈斯特,集中研究了 金钱的象征性力量,他们从一个简单的假设开始:想到钱,能改变人 们在社会交往一尤其是社会认可和排斥中的感受。
To test the idea，the researchers took the following approach: 84 students at a university were divided into two groups. One group counted 80 large-denomination bills; the other group parceled out 80 pieces of plain paper. All participants then played an online video game in which, using game controls, they could throw a ball and play catch with other Internet players. But the game was rigged so that after 10 throws, half the students would no longer get the ball thrown to them, while the rest of the students continued to play catch. When the game ended, participants who had been excluded from the second round of catch rated their level of social distress and how strong they felt. Those who had counted money before being socially excluded reported lower levels of social distress than those who had counted only paper. Additionally, the participants who had counted money also reported greater feelings of inner strength and self-sufficiency.
为验证这一想法,研究者采取了下列 方法 :将84个大学生分为 两组。一组点数80张大面额纸币，另一组分发80张普通的纸。然后所 有参与者玩一个在线视频游戏,他们使用游戏控制器,可以跟其他 网络玩家一起投球和接球。但研究者操纵了这个游戏,10次投球后， 一半学生无法再接到传给他们的球，而剩下的学生则继续传球。游 戏结束时,在第二轮传球中出局的学生评价了他们的社交窘迫程度 及感觉有多么沮丧。受到社交排斥后,那些之前数钱的人 报告 的社 交窘迫程度,较那些仅仅数纸片的人要低一些。此外,数钱的参与者 也报告称内在动力和自我满足的感觉更强。
To see if counting money also reduces physical pain-previous research indicates that psychological and physical pain are experienced in a similar way?the researchers repeated the earlier social-exclusion test, except this time they replaced the ball game with a pain-sensitivity task, in which half the participants were put in a moderate-pain condition (their hands were immersed in warm water), while the other half were subjected to a high-pain condition (hands were immersed in very hot water). Again, those who had counted money reported lower levels of pain.
为了调査数钱是否也会减轻生理疼痛?先前的研究表明心 理和生理的疼痛可以以同样的方式感受到研究者重复了之前 的社交排斥试验,但这一次,他们把球类游戏换成了疼痛敏感性任务，一半参与者处于中度疼痛状况下(他们的手浸在温水里)，而另一半则处于高度疼痛状况下(手 浸在滚烫的水中)。又一次,数钱的人报告的疼痛程度较低。
To complete their study, the researchers conducted additional experiments. They also found that reminder of having spent money aggravated feelings of social distress and that both social rejection and ideas of physical discomfort fueled participants? desire for money as well as made them less generous.
为完善这项研究,研究者进行了更多的试验。他们也发现,想到消费情况会恶化社交窘迫情 绪，而且社交排斥和生理不适的念头激起了参与者对钱的渴望，也让他们变得不那么慷慨大方。
So what does any of this mean for people in the real world-especially in this down-and-out economy? One implication, not entirely surprising, is that a job loss may pose an additional challenge. A layoff is a kind of rejection, and that could increase a person?s desire for money at the same time he or she has less than before, says Vohs of the University of Minnesota. Put another way: ?The recession can make people crave what they can?t have,? she says.
那么,这对现实世界?尤其是经济状况穷困潦倒?的人意味着什么呢?明尼苏达大学的 佛贺斯说,这不足为奇,一个影响是失业可能带来另外的挑战。裁员是一种排斥，可能增加人们对 金钱的渴望，此时他们钱包里的钱也比以前少。换句话,她说:?经济衰退让人们对他们无法拥有的 东西念念不忘。?
Fortunately, the research also offers a possible solution for landing a new job. ?It might be handy to sit down and count a stack of money before going out to the job interview,? says Baumeister of Florida State University. Another option? ?Set up a screensaver that shows money，? says Vohs. ?That might help ameliorate some of those feelings of being rejected,?
幸运的是,研究也为找到新工作提供了一个可行的解决办法。佛罗里达州立大学的鲍迈斯特 说出门 面试 前,不妨坐下来数一叠钱。?其他选择呢?佛贺斯说，?设置一个金钱画面的屏幕保护 程序,有助于改善一些受排斥的情绪。?
And while money can?t buy love, counting it could help you find that special person. ?Maybe young men who are going out to bars to try to meet women should count money,? muses Baumeister. ?I gather they have to approach a lot and get rejected a lot. I am not a specialist in bars, but it would make the men feel strong and probably make them not as bothered about being rejected over and over.?
钱并不能买到爱情,而数钱则可能帮你找到亲密爱人。鲍迈斯特喃喃自语道也许泡吧的小 伙子要认识女孩，应该数数钱，我想他们接近了很多女孩,也被拒绝了很多次。我不是一个泡吧专 家,但数钱会让小伙子们感觉强壮有力，这样他或许不会因再三被拒而烦恼不已。?
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