of friendship
IT HAD been hard for him that spake it to have put more truth and untruth together in few words, than in that speech, Whatsoever is delighted in solitude, is either a wild beast or a god. For it is most true, that a natural and secret hatred, and aversation towards society, in any man, hath somewhat of the savage beast; but it is most untrue, that it should have any character at all, of the divine nature; except it proceed, not out of a pleasure in solitude, but out of a love and desire to sequester a man's self, for a higher conversation: such as is found to have been falsely and feignedly in some of the heathen; as Epimenides the Canadian, Numa the Roman, Empedocles the Sicilian, and Apollonius of Tyana; and truly and really, in divers of the ancient hermits and holy fathers of the church. But little do men perceive what solitude is, and how far it extendeth. For a crowd is not company; and faces are but a gallery of pictures; and talk but a tinkling cymbal, where there is no love. The Latin adage meeteth with it a little: Magna civitas , magna solitudo; because in a great town friends are scattered; so that there is not that fellowship, for the most part, which is in less neighborhoods. But we may go further, and affirm most truly, that it is a mere and miserable solitude to want true friends; without which the world is but a wilderness; and even in this sense also of solitude, whosoever in the frame of his nature and affections, is unfit for friendship, he taketh it of the beast, and not from humanity.
A principal fruit of friendship, is the ease and discharge of the fulness and swellings of the heart, which passions of all kinds do cause and induce. We know diseases of stoppings, and suffocations, are the most dangerous in the body; and it is not much otherwise in the mind; you may take sarza to open the liver, steel to open the spleen, flowers of sulphur for the lungs, castoreum for the brain; but no receipt openeth the heart, but a true friend; to whom you may impart griefs, joys, fears, hopes, suspicions, counsels, and whatsoever lieth upon the heart to oppress it, in a kind of civil shrift or confession.
It is a strange thing to observe, how high a rate great kings and monarchs do set upon this fruit of friendship, whereof we speak: so great, as they purchase it, many times, at the hazard of their own safety and greatness. For princes, in regard of the distance of their fortune from that of their subjects and servants, cannot gather this fruit, except (to make themselves capable thereof) they raise some persons to be, as it were, companions and almost equals to themselves, which many times sorteth to inconvenience. The modern languages give unto such persons the name of favorites, or privadoes; as if it were matter of grace, or conversation. But the Roman name attaineth the true use and cause thereof, naming them participes curarum; for it is that which tieth the knot.And we see plainly that this hath been done, not by weak and passionate princes only, but by the wisest and most politic that ever reigned; who have oftentimes joined to themselves some of their servants; whom both themselves have called friends, and allowed other likewise to call them inthe same manner; using the word which is received between private men.
L. Sylla, when he commanded Rome, raised Pompey (after surnamed the Great) to that height, that Pompey vaunted himself for Sylla's overmatch. For when he had carried the consulship for a friend of his, against the pursuit of Sylla, and that Sylla did a little resent thereat, and began to speak great, Pompey turned upon him again, and in effect bade him be quiet; for that more men adored the sun rising, than the sun setting. With Julius Caesar, Decimus Brutus had obtained that interest as he set him down in his testament, for heir in remainder, after his nephew. And this was the man that had power with him, to draw him forth to his death. For when Caesar would have discharged the senate, in regard of some ill presages, and specially a dream of Calpurnia; this man lifted him gently by the arm out of his chair, telling him he hoped he would not dismiss the senate, till his wife had dreamt a better dream. And it seemeth his favor was so great, as Antonius, in a letter which is recited verbatim in one of Cicero's Philippics, calleth him venefica, witch; as if he had enchanted Caesar. Augustus raised Agrippa (though of mean birth) to that height, as when he consulted with Maecenas, about the marriage of his daughter Julia, Maecenas took the liberty to tell him, that he must either marry his daughter to Agrippa, or take away his life; there was no third way, he had made him so great. With Tiberius Caesar, Sejanus had ascended to that height, as they two were termed, and reckoned, as a pair of friends. Tiberius in a letter to him saith,Haec pro amicitia nostra non occultavi; and the whole senate dedicated an altar to Friendship, as to a goddess, in respect of the great dearness of friendship, between them two. The like, or more, was between Septimius Severus and Plautianus. For he forced his eldest son to marry the daughter of Plautianus; and would often maintain Plautianus, in doing affronts to his son; and did write also in a letter to the senate, by these words: I love the man so well, as I wish he may over-live me.Now if these princes had been as a Trajan, or a Marcus Aurelius, a man might have thought that this had proceeded of an abundant goodness of nature; but being men so wise, of such strength and severity of mind, and so extreme lovers of themselves, as all these were, it proveth most plainly that they found their own felicity (though as great as ever happened to mortal men) but as an half piece, except they mought have a friend, to make it entire; and yet, which is more, they were princes that had wives, sons, nephews; and yet all these could not supply the comfort of friendship.
It is not to be forgotten, what Comineus observeth of his first master, Duke Charles the Hardy,namely, that he would communicate his secrets with none; and least of all, those secrets which troubled him most. Whereupon he goeth on, and saith that towards his latter time, that closeness did impair, and a little perish his understanding. Surely Comineus mought have made the same judgment also, if it had pleased him, of his secondmaster, Lewis the Eleventh, whose closeness was indeed his tormentor. The parable of Pythagoras is dark, but true; Cor ne edito; Eat not the heart. Certainly, if a man would give it a hard phrase,those that want friends, to open themselves unto,are carnnibals of their own hearts. But one thing is most admirable (wherewith I will conclude this first fruit of friendship), which is, that this communicating of a man's self to his friend, works two contrary effects; for it redoubleth joys, and cutteth griefs in halves. For there is no man, that imparteth his joys to his friend, but he joyeth the more; and no man that imparteth his griefs to his friend, but he grieveth the less. So that it is in truth, of operation upon a man's mind, of like virtue as the alchemists use to attribute to their stone, for man's body; that it worketh all contrary effects, but still to the good and benefit of nature. But yet without praying in aid of alchemists, there is a manifest image of this, in the ordinary course of nature. For in bodies, union strengtheneth and cherisheth any natural action; and on the other side, weakeneth and dulleth any violent impression: and even so it is of minds.
The second fruit of friendship, is healthful and sovereign for the understanding, as the first is for the affections. For friendship maketh indeed a fair day in the affections, from storm and tempests; but it maketh daylight in the understanding, out of darkness, and confusion of thoughts. Neither is this to be understood only of faithful counsel, which a man receiveth from his friend; but before you come to that, certain it is, that whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his wits band understanding do clarify and break up, in the communicating and discoursing with another; he tosseth his thoughts more easily; he marshalleth them more orderly, he seeth how they look when they are turned into words: finally, he waxeth wiser than himself; and that more by an hour's iscourse, than by a day's meditation. It was well said by Themistocles, to the king of Persia, That speech was like cloth of Arras, opened and putabroad; whereby the imagery doth appear infigure; whereas in thoughts they lie but as in packs. Neither is this second fruit of friendship, in opening the understanding, restrained only to such friends as are able to give a man counsel; (they indeed are best;) but even without that, a man learneth of himself, and bringeth his own thoughts to light, and whetteth his wits as againsta stone, which itself cuts not. In a word, a man were better relate himself to a statua, or picture ,han to suffer his thoughts to pass in smother.
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（1。） BAEL。-- The First Principle Spirit is a King ruling in the East， called Bael。He maketh thee to go Invisible。He ruleth over 66 Legions of Infernal Spirits。He appeareth in divers shapes， sometimes like a Man， and sometimes all these forms at once。He speaketh hoarsely。This is his character which is used to be worn as a Lamen before him who calleth him forth， or else he will not do thee homage。
（2。） AGARES。-- The Second Spirit is a Duke called Agreas， or Agares。He is under the Power of the East， and cometh up in the form of an old fair Man， riding upon a Crocodile， carrying a Goshawk upon his fist， and yet mild in appearance。He maketh them to run that stand still， and bringeth back runaways。He teaches all Languages or Tongues presently。He hath power also to destroy Dignities both Spiritual and Temporal， and caused Earthquakes。He was of the Order of Virtues。He hath under his government 31 Legions of Spirits。And this is his Seal or Character which thou shalt wear as a Lamen before thee。
（3。） VASSAGO。-- The Third Spirit is a Mighty Prince， being of the same nature as Agares。He is called Vassago。The SPirit is of a Good Nature， and his office is to declare things Past and to Come， and to discover all things Hid or Lost。And he governeth 26 Legions of Spirits， and this is his Seal。
（4。） SAMIGINA， OR GAMIGIN。-- The Fourth Spirit is Samigina， a Great Marquis。He appeareth in the form [22] of a little Horse or Ass， and then into Human shape doth he change himself at the request of the Master。He speaketh with a hoarse voice。He ruleth over 30 Legions of Inferiors。He teaches all Liberal Sciences， and giveth account of Dead Souls that died in sin。And his Seal is this， which is to be worn before the Magician when he is Invocator， etc。
（5。） MARBAS。-- The fifth Spirit is Marbas。He is a Great President， and appeareth at first in the form of a Great Lion， but afterwards， at the request of the Master， he putteth on Human Shape。He answereth truly of things Hidden or Secret。He causeth Diseases and cureth them。Again， he giveth great Wisdom and Knowledge in Mechanical Arts; and can change men into other shapes。He governeth 36 Legions of Spirits。And his Seal is this， which is to be worn as aforesaid。
（6。） VALEFOR。-- The Sixth Spirit is Valefor。He is a mighty Duke， and appeareth in the shape of a Lion with an Ass‘s Head， bellowing。He is a good Familiar， but tempteth them he is a familiar of to steal。He governeth 10 Legions of Spirits。His seal is this， which is to be worn， whether thou wilt have him for a Familiar， or not。
（7。） AMON。-- The Seventh Spirit is Amon。He is a Marquis great in power， and most stern。He appeareth like a Wolf with a Serpent’s tail， vomiting out of his mouth flames of fire; but at the command of the Magician he putteth on the shape of a Man with Dog‘s teeth beset in a head like a Raven; or else like a Man with a Raven’s head (simply）。He telleth all things Past and to Come。He procureth feuds and reconcileth controversies between friends。He governeth 40 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this which is to be worn as aforesaid， etc。
（8。） BARBATOS。-- The Eighth Spirit is Barbatos。He is a Great Duke， and appeareth when the Sun is in Sagittary， with four noble Kings and their companies of great troops。He giveth understanding of the singing of Birds， and the voices of other creatures， such as the barking of Dogs。He breaketh the Hidden Treasures open that have been laid by the Enchantments of Magicians。He is of the Order of Virtues， of which some part he retaineth still; and he knoweth all things Past， and to come， and conciliateth Friends and those that be in Power。He ruleth over 30 Legions of Spirits。His Seal of Obediance is this， the which wear before thee as aforesaid。
（9。） PAIMON。-- The Ninth Spirit in this Order is Paimon， a Great King， and very obediant unto LUCIFER。He appeareth in the form of a Man sitting upon a Dromedary with a Crown most glorious upon his head。There goeth before him also an Host of SPirits， like Men with Trumpets and well sounding Cymbals， and all other sorts of Musical Instruments。He hath a great Voice， and roareth at his first coming， and his speech is such that the Magician cannot well understand unless he can compel him。This Spirit can teach all Arts and Sciences， and other secret things。He can discover unto thee what the Earth is， and what holdeth it up in the Waters; and what Mind is， and where it is; or any other thing thou mayest desire to know。He giveth Dignity， and confirmeth the same。He bindeth or maketh any man subject unto the Magician if he so desire it。He giveth good Familiars， and such as can teach all Arts。He is to be observed towards the West。He is of the Order of Dominations。He hath under him 200 Legions of Spirits， and part of them are of the Order of Angels， and the other part of Potentates。Now if thou callest this Spirit Paimon alone， thou must make him some offering; and there will attend him two Kings aclled LABAL and ABALIM， and also other Spirits who be of the Order of Potentates in his Host， and 25 Legions。And those Spirits which be subject unto them are not always with them unless the Magician do compell them。His Character is this which must be worn as a Lamen before thee， etc。
（10。） BUER。-The Tenth Spirit is Buer， a Great President。He appeareth in Sagittary， and that is his shape when the sun is there。He teaches Philosophy， both Moral and Natural， and the logic Art， and also the Virtues of all Herbs and Plants。He health all distempers in man， and giveth good Familiars。He governeth 50 Legions of Spirits， and his Charater of obedience is this， which thou must wear when thou callest him forth unto appearance。
（11。） GUSION。-The Eleventh Spirit in order is a great and strong Duke， called Gusion。He appearth like a Xenopilus。He telleth all things， Past， Present， and to Come， and showeth the meaning and resolution of all quesions thou mayest ask。He conciliateth and reconcileth friendships， and giveth Honour and Dignity unto any。He ruleth over 40 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this， the which wear thou as aforesaid。
（12。） SITRI-The Twelfth Spirit is Sitri。He is a Great Prince and appearth at first with a Leopard‘s head and the Wings of a Gryphon， but after the command of the Master of the Exorcism he putteth on Human shape， and thaty very beautiful。He enflameth men with Women’s love， and Women with Men‘s love; and causeth them also to show themselves naked if it be desired。He governeth 60 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this， to be worn as a Lamen before thee， etc。
（13。） BELETH。-The Thirteenth Spirit is called Beleth (or Bileth or Bilet）。He is a mighty King and terrible。He rideth on a pale horse with trumpets and other kinds of musical instruments playing before him。He is very furious at his first appearance， that is， while the Exorcist layth his courage; for to do this he must hold a Hazel Wand in his hand， striking it out towards the South and East Quarters， make a triangle， without the Cirle， and then command him onto it by the Bonds and Charges of Spirits as hereafter followth。And if he doth not enter into the triangle， at your threats， rehearse the Bonds and Charms before him， and then he will yield Obedience and come into it， and do what he is commanded by the Exorcist。Yet he must receive him courteously because he is a Great King， and do homage unto him， as the Kings and Princes do that attend upon him。And thou have always a Silver Ring on the middle finger of the left hand held against thy face， as they do yet before AMAYMON。This Great King Beleth causeth all the love that may be， both of Men and of Women， until the Master Exorcist hath had his desire fulfilled。He is of the Order of Powers， and he governeth 85 Legions of Spirits。His Noble Seal is this， which is to be worn before thee at working。
（14。） LERAJE， or LERAIKHA。-The Fourteenth Spirit is called Leraje (or Leraie）。He is a Marquis Great in Power， showing himself in the likeness of an Archer clad in Green， and carrying a Bow and Quiver。He causeth all great Battles and Contests; and maketh wounds to putrefy that are made with Arrows by Archers。This belongeth unto Sagittary。He governeth 30 Legions of Spirits， and this is his Seal，etc。
（15。） ELIGOS。-The Fifteenth Spirit in Order is Eligos， a Great Duke， and appeareth in the form of a goodly Knight， carrying a Lance， an Ensign， and a Serpent。He discoverth hidden things， and knoweth things to come; and of Wars， and how the Soldiers will or shall meet。He causeth the Love of Lords and Great Persons。He governeth 60 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this， etc。
（16。） ZEPAR。-The Sixteenth Spirit is Zepar。He is a Great Duke， and appeareth in Red Apparel and Armour， like a Solider。
His office is to cause Women to love Men， and to bring them together in love。He also maketh them barren。He governeth 26 Legions of Inferior Spirits， and his Seal is this， which he obeyeth when he seeth it。
（17。） BOTIS。-The Seventeenth Spirit is Botis， a Great President， and an Earl。He appeareth at the first show in the form of an ugly Viper， then at the command of the Magician he putteth on a Human shape with Great Teeth， and two Horns， carrying a bright and sharp Sword in his hand。He telleth all things Past， and to Come， and reconcileth Friends and Foes。He ruleth over 60 Legions of Spirits， and this is his Seal， etc。
（18。） BATHIN。-The Eighteenth Spirit is Bathin。He is a Mighty and Strong Duke， and appeareth like a Strong Man with the tail of a Serpent， sitting upon a Pale-Coloured Horse。He knoweth the Virtues of Herbs and Precious Stones， and can transport men suddenly from one country to another。He ruleth over 30 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this which is to be worn as aforesaid。
（19。） SALLOS。-The Nineteenth Spirit is Sallos (or Saleos）。He is a Great and Mighty Duke， and appeareth in the form of a gallant Solider riding on a Crocodile， with a Ducal Crown on his head， but peaceably。He causeth the Love of Women to Men， and of Men to Women; and governeth 30 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this， etc。
（20。） PURSON。-The Twentieth Spirit is Purson， a Great King。His appearance is comely， like a Man with a Loin’s face， carrying a cruel Viper in his hand， and riding upon a Bear。Going before him are many Trumpets sounding。He knoweth all things hidden， and can discover Treasure， and tell all things Past， Present， and to Come。He can take a Body either Human or Aerial， and answereth truly of all Earthly things both Secret and Divine， and of the Creation of the World。He bringeth forth good Familiars， and under his Government there be 22 Legions of Spirits， partly of the Order of Virtues and partly of the Order of Thrones。His Mark， Seal， or Charater is this， unto the which he oweth obedience， and which thou shall wear in time of action， etc。
（21。） MARAX。-The Twenty-first Spirit is Marax。He is a Great Earl and President。He appeareth like a great Bull with a Man‘s face。His office is to make Men very knowing in Astronomy， and all other Liberal Sciences; also he can give good Familiars， and wise， knowing the virtues of Herbs and Stones which be precious。He governeth 30 Legions of Spirits， and his Seal is this， which must be made and worn as aforesaid， etc。
（22。） IPOS。-The Twenty-second Spirit is Ipos。He is an Earl， and a Mighty Prince， and apppeareth in the form of an Angel with Lion’s Head， and a Goose‘s Foot， and Hare’s Tail。He knoweth all things Past， Present， and to Come。He maketh men witty and bold。He governeth 36 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this， which thou shalt wear， etc。
（23。） AIM。-The Twenty-third Spirit is Aim。He is a Great Strong Duke。He appeareth in the form of a very handsome Man in body， but with three Heads; the first， like a Serpent， the second like a Man having two Stars on his Forehead， the third like a Calf。He rideth on a Viper， carrying a Firebrand in his Hand， wherewith he setteth cities， castles， and great Places， on fire。He maketh thee witty in all manner of ways， and giveth true answers unto private matters。He governeth 26 Legions of Inferior Spirits; and his Seal is this， which wear thou as aforesaid， etc。
（24。） NABERIUS。-The Twenty-forth Spirit is Naberius。He is a most valiant Marquis， and showth in the form of a Black Crane， fluttering about the Circle， and when he speaketh in all Arts and Sciences， but especially in the Art of Rhetoric。He restoreth lost Dignities and Honours。He governeth 19 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this， whhich is to be worn， etc。
（25。） GLASYA-LABOLAS。-The Twenty-fiveth Spirit is Glasya-Labolas。He is a Mighty President and Earl， and showeth himself in the form of a Dog with Wings like a Gryphon。He teacheth all Arts and Sciences in an instant， and is an Author of Bloodshed and Manslaughter。He teacheth all things Past， and to Come。If desired he causeth the love both of Friends and of Foes。He can make a Man to go Invisible。And he hath under his command 36 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this， to be，etc。
（26。） BUNE， or BIME。-The Twenty-sixth Spirit is Bune (or Bim）。He is a Strong， Great and Mighty Duke。He appeareth in the form of a Dragon with three heads， one like a Dog， one like a Gryghon， and one like a Man。He speaketh with a high and comely Voice。He changeththe Place of the Dead， and causeth the Spirits which be under him to gather together upon your Sepulchres。He giveth Riches unto a Man， and maketh him Wise and Eloquent。He giveth true Answers unto Demands。And he governeth 30 Legionsof Spirits。His Seal is this， unto the which he oweth Obedience。He hath another Seal (which is the first of these， but the last is the best)。
（27。） RONOVE。-The Twenty-seventh Spirit is Ronove。He appeareth in the form of a Monster。He teacheth the Art of Rhetoric very well and giveth Good Servants， Knowledge of Tongues， and Favours with Friends or Foes。He is a Marquis and Great Earl; and there be under his command 19 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this， etc。
（28。） BERITH。-The Twenty-eighth Spirit in Order， as Solomon bound them， is named Berith。He is a Mighty， Great， and Terrible Duke。He hath two other Names given unto him by men of later times， viz。：BEALE， or BEAL， and BOFRY or BOLFRY。H eappeareth in the form of a Solider with Red Clothing， riding upon a Red Horse， and having a Crown of Gold upon his head。He giveth true answers， Past， Present，and to Come。Thou must make use of a Ring in calling him forth， as is before spoken of regarding Beleth。He cna turn all metals into Gold。He can give Dignities， and can confirm them unto Man。He speaketh with very clear and subtle Voice。He governeth 26 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this， etc。
（29。） ASTAROTH。-The Twenty-ninth Spirit is Astaroth。He is a Mighty， Strong Duke， and appeareth in the form of an hurtful Angel riding on an Infernal Beast like a Dragon， and carrying in his right hand a Viper。Thou must in no wise let him approach too near unto thee， lest he do thee damage by his Noisome Breath。Wherefore the Magician must hold the Magical Ring near his face， and that will defend him。He giveth true answers of things Past， Present， and to Come， and can discover all Secrets。He will declare wittingly how the Spirits fell， if desired， and the reason of his own fall。He can make men wonderfully knowing in all Liberal Sciences。He ruleth 40 Legions of Spirits。His Seal is this， which wear thou as a Lamen before thee， or else he will not appear nor yet obey thee， etc。
（30。） FORNEUS。-The Thirtieth Spirit is Forneus。He is a Mighty and Great Marquis， and appeareth in the form of a Great Sea-Monster。He teacheth， and maketh men wonderfully knowing in the Art of Rhetoric。He causeth men to have a Good Name， and to have the knowledge and understanding of Tongues。He maketh one to be beloved of his Foes as well as of his Friends。He governeth 29 Legions of Spirits， partly of the Order of Thrones， and partly of that of Angels。His Seal is this， which wear thou， etc。
（31。） FORAS。-The Thirty-first Spirit is Foras。He is a Mighty President， and appeareth in the form of a Strong Man in Human Shape。He can give the understanding to Men how they may know the Virtues of all Herbs and Precious Stones。He teacheth the Arts of Logic and Ethics in all their parts。If desired he maketh men invisible， and to live long， and to be eloquent。He can discover Treasures and recover things Lost。He ruleth over 29 Legions of Spirits， and his Seal is this， which wear thou， etc。